The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North West

The history of Canada is intertwined with the treaties signed between the Crown and Indigenous nations. These agreements, known as the Numbered Treaties, played a pivotal role in shaping the relationship between the Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government. In this article, we will delve into the specific treaties signed with the Indigenous nations of Manitoba and the North West, exploring their provisions, impacts, and contemporary implications.

The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West Territories Including the Negotiations on Which They Were Based, and Other Information Relating Thereto

by Alexander Morris

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Treaty 1 (1871)

Treaty 1, signed on August 3, 1871, was the first of the Numbered Treaties negotiated between the Canadian government and Indigenous nations. It was signed with the Anishinaabe and Cree nations of southeastern Manitoba and western Ontario. The treaty ceded a vast territory to Canada, while recognizing the Indigenous nations' right to hunt, fish, and trap within their traditional territories.

Treaty 2 (1871)

Treaty 2, signed on July 23, 1871, was signed with the Anishinaabe and Cree nations of southern Manitoba. The treaty ceded another large territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for education, healthcare, and agriculture support.

Treaty 3 (1873)

Treaty 3, signed on October 3, 1873, was signed with the Anishinaabe, Cree, and Ojibway nations of northwestern Ontario. The treaty ceded a vast territory to Canada, including the Rainy River district.

Treaty 4 (1874)

Treaty 4, signed on September 15, 1874, was signed with the Cree, Saulteaux, and Assiniboine nations of southern Saskatchewan. The treaty ceded a large territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for hunting, fishing, and trapping rights.

Treaty 5 (1875)

Treaty 5, signed on September 21, 1875, was signed with the Cree, Ojibway, and Saulteaux nations of central Manitoba. The treaty ceded a large territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for education, healthcare, and agriculture support.

Treaty 6 (1876)

Treaty 6, signed on August 23, 1876, was signed with the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux nations of central Saskatchewan and northern Alberta. The treaty ceded a vast territory to Canada, including the District of Keewatin.

Treaty 7 (1877)

Treaty 7, signed on September 22, 1877, was signed with the Blackfoot Confederacy and other Indigenous nations of southern Alberta. The treaty ceded a large territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for hunting, fishing, and trapping rights.

Treaty 8 (1899)

Treaty 8, signed on June 21, 1899, was signed with the Cree, Beaver, and Slavey nations of northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. The treaty ceded a vast territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for hunting, fishing, and trapping rights.

Treaty 9 (1905)

Treaty 9, signed on June 20, 1905, was signed with the Ojibway, Cree, and Saulteaux nations of northern Ontario and northwestern Quebec. The treaty ceded a large territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for hunting, fishing, and trapping rights.

Treaty 10 (1906)

Treaty 10, signed on September 19, 1906, was signed with the Cree, Chipewyan, and Beaver nations of northern Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta. The treaty ceded a large territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for hunting, fishing, and trapping rights.

Treaty 11 (1921)

Treaty 11, signed on June 15, 1921, was signed with the Dene, Cree, and Inuit nations of the Northwest Territories. The treaty ceded a vast territory to Canada, but it also included provisions for hunting, fishing, and trapping rights.

Impacts of the Treaties

The Numbered Treaties had a profound impact on the lives of Indigenous peoples in Manitoba and the North West. The treaties ceded vast territories to Canada, but they also recognized the Indigenous nations' right to hunt, fish, and trap within their traditional territories. The treaties also included provisions for education, healthcare, and agriculture support.

However, the implementation of the treaties was often flawed, and Indigenous peoples faced many challenges in exercising their rights. The Canadian government often failed to provide adequate support for education, healthcare, and agriculture, and it often violated the hunting, fishing, and trapping rights of Indigenous peoples. These challenges led to widespread poverty, malnutrition, and disease among Indigenous communities.

Contemporary Implications

The Numbered Treaties continue to play an important role in the relationship between Canada and Indigenous nations. The treaties are recognized as legally binding agreements, and they provide a framework for negotiations between the Canadian government and Indigenous nations.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of honouring the treaties. The Canadian government has made commitments to implement the treaties in a fair and equitable manner, and it has established processes for resolving treaty disputes.

Indigenous nations have also been working to assert their treaty rights. They have filed legal challenges against the Canadian government, and they have organized protests and blockades to demand the implementation of the treaties.

The Numbered Treaties are a complex and controversial legacy. They have had both positive and negative impacts on the lives of Indigenous peoples. However, the treaties

The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West Territories Including the Negotiations on Which They Were Based, and Other Information Relating Thereto

by Alexander Morris

4.8 out of 5

Language	:	English
File size	:	915 KB
Text-to-Speech	:	Enabled
Screen Reader	:	Supported
Enhanced typesetting	:	Enabled
Word Wise	:	Enabled
Print length	:	382 pages
Lending	:	Enabled

FREE